Real estate project proposal in ethiopia pdf addis 2021

Real estate project proposal in ethiopia pdf addis 2021. Muller Real Estate is unlike any other real estate development firm in Ethiopia. Currently, out of the estimated four million people living of the capital, close of 835,000 have registered for condominiums since 2005. In common usage the term oft en relates to urban real estate and excludes agricultural land. Africa Review 9 (2):1-13. WHO WE ARE. Mulugeta has built a reputation as a developer with the right experience and financial strength to take on challenging projects. A benchmark guide to help you find the best home you can at the best prices with the least risk. Take a virtual tour of our properties, view high Jun 19, 2020 · Status and Challenges of Urban Green Infrastructure Access in Rapidly Urbanizing Cities of Africa: the Case of Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia June 2020 DOI: 10. HOUSING PROVISIONS AND AFFORDABILITY IN PRIVATE RESIDENTIAL REAL ESTATES IN ADDIS ABABA. Oct 6, 2022 · Agroforestry, Bogor, Indonesia. Purpose Black Ethiopia was founded in 2021 by 135 shareholders as a "pro-black community" enterprise. Abstract Oct 1, 2021 · There is a high gap between the demand and supply of housing in Ethiopia particularly in the capital due to rural to urban settlement. Number 1 Figure 1.  The essential question is how can the country provide housing units in an efficient and affordable fashion to accommodate growing demand from businesses and individuals for diverse uses? Thus, the target of this study was to access housing demand and 01. According to Addis Ababa Investment Agency, it has issued over 200 real estate project licenses with annual growth of 22 %. The factors consist of Sep 10, 2022 · September 10, 2022. Heerkens, (2002). 11 FHAPCO, 2018 Report •Behavioural, biomedical and structural interventions. Ethio Telecom Company Profile Draft. O. For more information regarding these sites, reach out to our customer service at 6100 | 0948 11 11 11 | 0949 11 11 11. To cite this article: Belete, M. The observed increase in the scope and scale of real estate activities has been driven by numerous factors. D. . Despite all this real estate developers and massive housing projects conducted by the The most expensive house costs Br 167,000,000 while the cheapest costs Br 14,000,000. txt) or read online for free. It will be jointly owned by two principals, John O'Boyle and for purpose of this paper, a silent equity partner. Findings revealed that the major impacts of cost inflation on construction materials which have been occurring on the projects are improper risk management and improper team organization. Ayat Real Estate's history and background indeed makes them the largest construction This document is a thesis proposal that examines value engineering practices on construction projects in Ethiopia. Except for investments in the manufacturing industries and commercial agriculture and government projects, investors can only access land through a tender-based lease system. Since 2005 Ethiopia has been implementing an ambitious government-led low- and middle- income housing programme: The Integrated Housing Development Programme (IHDP) which Jan 1, 2021 · PDF | On Jan 1, 2021, Jemal Abagissa published The Assessment of Micro and Small Enterprises Performance and Challenges in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia | Find, read and cite all the research you need on Looking for a new home in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia? Browse our selection of Houses, Condominiums, Villas, Apartments for Sale or Rent. Quality of workman ship, risk of project abandonment worker in the three selected private Real Estate project in Ethiopia. Likewise, the real estate properties of the FHC and many other private properties are established largely in the era of ex-government on a land given or so acquired under permit system Apr 7, 2021 · The World Bank is supporting development efforts in the lowlands through a US$451 million Lowland Livelihoods Resilience Project (LLRP, P164336) and a US$75 million Regional Pastoral Livelihood Resilient Project (RPLRP, P129408) together with Uganda and Kenya. Real estate is generally defi ned as “land and anything permanently affi xed to the land”. Consequently, significant reductions in malaria is quite suitable in Ethiopia for lack of properly developed land market and hence the difficultly of precisely reaching at the market worth of a given property. La Gare can be effortlessly accessed from the Addis Bole International Airport in addition to a metro line along its northern border. Oct 6, 2020 · 2019 project population data by CSA of Ethiopia (Fig. Specifically, top management support had the highest effect on project success. & Yilma, M. The houses were handed over to clients in June 2012. As indicated by La Rosa (2014), accessibility is a broad term and is often “misused” and confused with terms A new Standard of luxury living in Addis Ababa. Feb 27, 2021 · 100%. Property generally comprises residervial houses and commercial real estate property (mainly mixed us building) developed for rental business and sale. a. In book: A Research Agenda for Urban Tourism (pp. The total investment cost is estimated at 100 million Br, with 30% (30 million Br) as owner's equity and 70% (70 million Br Apr 18, 2019 · According to the key informant's information and temporal image classification analysis (Fig. ) A thesis submitted to the Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa University School of Business and Economics in partial fulfillment of the requirements for May 15, 2018 · Metropolitan real estate PLC, is an American-owned Real estate building company, building quality homes in Ethiopia to fulfill the needs of luxury real estate for sale in Addis Ababa and all of Ethiopia. Private real estate began to thrive in Ethiopia during the late 1990s and early 2000s. 36, July, 2018. Edit mba research proposal in ethiopia university pdf form. Aug 27, 2019 · establishing real estate business in Ethiopia Kesto Dakito Alemu College of Business and Economics, School of Commerce, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Remote sensing data (Landsat 7/8) was analysed with ArcGIS to assess spatiotemporal land use changes between 2007 and 2019. l at the highest peak of Entoto to 2200 m. Solid Waste Management System of Addis Ababa. And Noah Convention is located around Bole Flamingo. ) JUNE 2017 ADDIS ABABA Addis Ababa University School of commerce Department of Project Management Graduate Studies Program Assessment on Practices and Challenges of Consultancy Project Management Reports from many global cities are consistent with this premise: New York, USA (Lopez et al. Then, using your device, upload your file to the system by importing it from internal mail, the cloud, or adding its URL. DOI: 10. 21203/rs. The market is projected to attain an AAGR of more than 8% during 2024-2027. Ayat® enjoys the distinction of being a trailblazer in the real estate industry, especially focusing on the construction of residential houses. Keller. Dec 1, 2020 · To understand the impacts of both rapid growth and the housing program's impact on the city's urban form, we compared the type and distribution of land uses in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, between 2006 Ambassador Real estate is the leading real estate developer that constructing Residential Apartments for Rental services as well as selling the housing units to demanding tenants. 4337/9781789907407. doc / . Ethio Telecom, (2013). Real Ethio offers you the best deals on properties for rent and sale in Addis Ababa and Ethiopia. , 2021), Mexico City, Mexico (Huerta, 2022), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Ayele et al. In 2016, the country. The most expensive house costs Br 160,000,000 while the cheapest costs Br 225,000. Noah Real Estate is currently selling luxury apartments on two different sites. Feb 8, 2019 · Buying Guide to Addis Real Estate. 2/ Notwithstanding the provisions of Sub-article (1) of this Article, the issuance, renewal, amendment, substitution, replacement and cancellation of investment permits, and the issuance of investment expansion or upgrading permits for air transport services, the generation or transmission or distribution of electric power, and the provision of communications services shall be carried out by Jan 16, 2022 · According to the official, as Addis Ababa continued to be stronghold of the opposition parties, the EPRDF tolerated the city dwellers’ illegal land acquisition in the peri-urban areas by legalizing lands acquired through illicit processes. J Adv Environ Health Res. This paves the way many real estate developers to invest Feb 22, 2020 · The Construction Ministry will consult on the project and assist the city administration of Addis Abeba. With this inadequate cost and time performance of projects as the main driver, this study set major Effect of project management information systems on project performance: the case of construction projects in Ethiopia Thesis  Samuel Abera ( 2020-08 ) Projects are supposed to be successfully completed when they are carried out within the delineated scope, time and budget and when they satisfy the relevant stakeholders. Real estate activities belong to the service sector and are distinct development of real estate properties in Addis Ababa. org. Methods A school-based quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted from January to March 2020 in 98 schools. carbon-neutral and middle-income economy by 2030. Metropolitan Real Estate aims to redefine luxury living in Ethiopian homes. at the lower southern part of Akaki plains. In Addis Ababa, spiral of Ethiopia, real estate development is considered as one of the biggest business investments with the transaction of billions of birr in the market. May 26, 2017 · Rapid urban expansion and the challenge of pro-poor housing in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Deep within the folds of the land flow numerous The study investigated the quality management practices and business performances of SMEs in Merhabete/Alem Ketema, Ethiopia. Given the risks taken The Ethiopian Institute of Architecture, Building Construction and City Development, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia. The industry’s growth over the forecast period will be attributed to the rising foreign direct investment (FDI) in the country, coupled with the re-start of halted development projects, followed by the construction projects, which can serve as the way forward for future work in coping with this inflation. The carefully constructed structure is home to opulent amenities, trendy shops, and centers for food and drink. 4 million m 2 of land for Real This project and report were managed by Mohamed El Sioufi, Alain Grimard and Kerstin Sommer. Important inputs were provided by Alioune Badiane, Antonio Yachan, Jaime Comiche, Farrouk Tebbal, Clarissa Augustinus, Mohamed Halfani, Apr 26, 2024 · Fisseha, the lead promoter and also known for founding the country's first private university, Unity University, believes that the Ke'Geberew Tower and the accompanying real estate are symbols of the company's roots in agriculture. The researcher observed that, Project communication management in Real Estate project in Ethiopia is practiced, but it needs May 23, 2023 · Template 2: A4 real estate proposal template. 8. 7 million by 2037. Our properties come in different sizes and styles, perfect for families, couples, and singles. 3. Therefore, this research were attempt to assess the current situation of managing and minimizing wastage of construction materials in the Addis Ababa on selected public building construction projects and formulate and give recommendations with respect to handling of construction materials in accordance with the outcome of the paper. rs-36864/v1 Real Estates - Free download as Word Doc (. However, the majority of the projects face critical problems of time and overrun. In regard to Bank l iquidity ra tio (LBR) current asset to debit ratio has the mean value of Most of the urban centres in Ethiopia were established ai. Thus in Ethiopia real estate form of urban development commenced in the mid 1990s. TI1e lcadmg paradigm . The property have been listed by estate agents who can be contacted using the contact information provided for each property listing. There is little supply for enormous demand, buying power is very management and project performance was examined using Pearson's correlations and a multiple regression analysis. 79, 2021 12 real estate sales team perspective in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 8 and 5. 8 billion in 2022. The project has to be Aug 26, 2022 · According to the data obtained from the Addis Ababa city roads authority, over the last ten years, almost 84% are behind their actual deadline. MASTER PLAN One of the largest of its kind integrated lifestyle communities in Ethiopia, La Gare features more than 4,000 residences set in an area of over 360,000 sqm. These real estate projects undertaken encounter considerable time and cost overruns. Using our platform filling out Addis Ababa University Thesis Proposal Pdf will take a couple of minutes. The launching event on Friday was attended by the Addis Ababa city administration officials, including Mayor Adanech Abiebie, and Jamal Ahmed, CEO of Midroc Investment Group. , 2021), Helsinki This document is a project proposal for a real estate development project in Sebeta Town, Oromia Special Zone, Ethiopia. The majorit y of 60. 3 billion (Ethiopian Investment Agency, 2016). pdf), Text File (. Four key dimensions of quality management practices including customer focus, human resource focus, supplier quality management, and continuous improvements were used as independent variables accompanied by different measurement instruments under each variable, while a Oct 2, 2010 · This paper mainly examines the performance, challenges and prospects of real estate financing in Addis Ababa with a micro and macro outlook. They have managed to complete over 5,000 residential units, making them one of the most experienced in this sector. Enjoy smart fillable fields and interactivity. Investment and property development play an important role in any emerging markets or economies. 848. The results of the findings revealed that all the five total quality management variables had positive direct effect on project performance a. Many foreign and domestic construction companies operate in Addis Ababa on real estate projects. May 18, 2019 · The analytical and standard study concluded with a number of results, including: (1) The Ethiopian economy's qualitative leap coincided with the entry of foreign direct investment into Ethiopia Nov 17, 2022 · 17-Nov-2022. the phenomena using personal judgment and supported by photographs. 9 and 12 floors) in Addis Ababa (April 2015). 2010, cited by Haddush 2016). BY: ANGESOM TEKESTE GSE/7964/13 ADVISOR: HABTAMU BEREHANU (Ph. Furthermore, the study is intended to address the following specific objectives To determine the relationship between price and apartment purchase decision. "ter the s1:cond half of the twentieth century. In order to meet the country’s ambitious agenda, investments in the sector need Jan 14, 2022 · Urban tourism development in Africa: evidence from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. com. 8% get their capital from by selling shares when they established while as the Mr. However, the FACTORS AFFECTING PROFITABILITY OF REAL ESTATE BUSSINESS IN ETHIOPIA: THE CASE OF PRIVATE REAL ESTATE DEVELOPERS IN ADDIS ABABA. It also has its own definition in Ethiopia. La Gare Mall Residences, which is centrally located, provides residents and shoppers with the utmost convenience. 3. Whether you're looking for a spacious villa or a cozy apartment, we have options to suit your budget and lifestyle. With a groundbreaking and highly effective mix of Real Estate Development, Real Estate Construction, and Real Estate Finance, Ayat® is miles ahead of the competition. There are 674 available houses for sale in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Project Aug 18, 2021 · August 18, 2021. February 8, 2019 presidio. The regional government (Oromia) conducive investment packages for development and poverty reduction. The Ministry of Finance will handle the procurement process after the agreement is finalized. Descriptive statistical models were employed to analyze the data to be gathered from respondents. CONDOMINIUM HOUSING IN ETHIOPIA. 1080/09744053. Mulugeta’s leadership Akakas Real Estate was able to construct and sell 12 G+1 Villas in the Lebbu area in 2010. ABSTRACT. 4436″ North and 38°45′48. It consists of 3 households per floor and it consists of a gym, basement parking, a club house and other exciting features. 15641/jarer. 5 According to this source, the government transferred between 4. Sep 5, 2021 · Updated: September 6th, 2021. This scale-up made possible through the firm commitment of the government and sustained support from diverse partners. To determine the relationship between location and apartment purchase decision. The government of Ethiopia has made an ambitious plan of building a. Selam Yohannes and Abebe Dinku School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Addis Ababa Institute of technology (AAiT), Ethiopia Corresponding Author‘s E-mail: seleyoh@gmail. 2017. Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia with the area of 285767 m2 The completion of this project will show the Ethiopia’s national image of opening to the outside world, embodies the key core values that are “national unity and harmonious symbiosis”, highlight the important position of Ethiopia’s national political core area, and become Although real property includes land and all permanent improvements to African Journal of Land Policy and Geospatial Sciences, ISSN2657-2664, Vol. And there is a complaint related The ownership structure of the new startup company, JPO Real Estate will be a privately held Limited Liability Company (LLC). Authors: Edmond J. Value engineering seeks to optimize projects by identifying the required functions at the lowest life cycle cost while meeting The government of Ethiopia promising five-year growth and transformation development plan (2010/11-2014/15), the will bring prosperity to its citizens with collaboration with private sector investment actions. Currently, 1,375 real estate construction companies are licensed with an investment worth of birr 22. 2 a). Location of Addis Ababa in Ethiopia Source: Developed using ArcGIS. Bole Atlas Project is one of our major projects that’s completed in November of 2021. MARY’S UNIVERSITY: Abstract: It is known that there are both local and foreign real estate developers, operating in the development of real estate properties in Addis Ababa. Prepare a file. Abstract. mary’s university in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the master of marketing management june, 2021 addis ababa, ehiopia Nov 22, 2023 · To download a pdf version of the full 2023 Ethiopia country profile, click here. It’s a 10 storey luxury apartment building located at Bole Atlas, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Alemayehu Wendafrash, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Ethiopia. 2021; 9(1):7-22. Our apartments are surrounded by a sizable centrally located manicured The number of licensed real estate developers and resources allotted are growing from time to time. Ayat Real Estate is a share holder's company that was created in 1997 and is one of the pioneering Ethiopian companies in this sector. Let us connect today, on Metropolitan Real estate, which has multiple ongoing projects such as Metropolitan Central Tower Luxury Apartments The companies are real estate developer/construction industry (2 key informants), government offices (10 key informants), financial institutions (10 key informants) and NGOs/Inter-governmental Organizations (4) that have experience on housing development in Addis Ababa Ethiopia. The project will be implemented by Tomas promoters and involves developing residential housing on 2 hectares of land, including 250m2 and 432m2 houses. There are 196 available houses for sale in Bole, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Follow the simple instructions below: Experience all the key benefits of completing and submitting legal forms online. 00016. in world mban developmen( sets the pace of most mban devefopment approaches of developing countries follow this dominant paradigm. 4% were found their finance in the form of loan from different finance. The list can be filtered by price, furnishing and recency. According to 2015 estimates, Ethiopia will have approximately 4 million new urban households by 2027 and 9. Jul 28, 2021 · birr for one birr shareholders’ equity of CBE branches in S outh Addis Ababa District of Ethiopia. There will be a demand for 471 000 urban houses per year from 2015 to 2025 and for 486 000 houses per year from 2025 to 2035. 177–200) Publisher The residential real estate development in Addis Ababa takes a big share in the industry. It aims to develop a model for applying value engineering during the design stage of a construction project by Eagle Hills Real Estate in Addis Ababa. This one-page real estate proposal SlideTeam template is a great tool for securing investors and pitching a property. institutions, 23. Received 26 May, 2021; Accepted 9 September, 2021 Ethiopia’s fastest growing urban centers are challenged by highly growing level of demand for housing. 3, (September 2019) 45 Habtamu B. Noah Yeka Hills is located around the Kebena area in front of the British Embassy. 1329809. Asia-Pacific Journal of Cooperative Education, (2009), 10(3), Pages 151-162. Expatriate architects commissioned by either the government or prominent landlords may have prolonged their stay after their first Nov 28, 2016 · The duration of an urban land lease for real estate development is 60 years for Addis Ababa (the capital city) and 70 years for other cities and towns in Ethiopia. 9 Winter 2021. May 2017. Construction projects when delayed cause increase in overall budget. • ART coverage is 74. PRACTICES, CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS OF REAL ESTATE DEVELOPMENT IN ADDIS ABABA. (2020). Meanwhile, most real estates in Addis Ababa Nov 27, 2021 · Received: October 27, 2021; Accepted: November 19, 2021; Published: November 27, 2021 Abstract: Public project nonperformance in many developing nations including Ethiopia from different dimensions is Nov 1, 2021 · use efciency (ULUE) of sixteen cities in Ethiopia. s. docx), PDF File (. Sep 18, 2022 · Midroc Ethiopia, the largest business entity in Ethiopia and part of Midroc International, is making a new venture in the real estate market in Ethiopia. May 26, 2021 · Ethiopia’s fastest growing urban centers are challenged by highly growing level of demand for housing. pledged to restore 15 2. 2 Background of the case firms (Wouhib, 2003) noted that it is not recorded when the first architectural practice was set-up in Ethiopia. These homes are the first in the history of Addis real-estate to have been delivered on time. Aug 16, 2019 · 10 EPHI, 2017 Report •Figure 1 for HIV prevalence 1. Journal of African Real Estate Research, 5(1), pp. There are 2,475 available flats, houses, land and commercial property for sale in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. New York (TADIAS) — Ethiopians in the Diaspora are receiving growing opportunities to invest in real estate in Ethiopia. 9996″ East in the central part of Ethiopia. 2, No. Project Management for Telecommunications Projects World Class Telecommunications. United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) P. Jun 1, 2022 · This study aimed to assess the adequacy of WASH services in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Our very first luxury house for sale in Addis Ababa was, Sarbet Gabriel Apartments, which was built and delivered in 12 months. Under Mr. Market Rent Determinants of Residential Apartments in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 8), the major LULC drivers between 2006 and 2021 were informal housing construction, low-cost housing Effective project management is the design firm’s bread and butter. ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY ASSESSMENT ON PRACTICES AND CHALLENGES OF CONSULTANCY PROJECT MANAGEMENT: THE CASE OF ETHIOPIAN MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE BY DEMOZE DEMISSE ABEGAZE ADVISOR TEMESGEN BELAYNEH (PH. Dec 5, 2023 · The Ethiopia construction market size was $54. In this regard, mixed used building expands in the all parts of the country. Perched more than 2,000 meters above sea level on the high plateaus bordering the Great Rift Valley, Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, is surrounded by majestic mountains. It would probably be difficult to make buying a home more complex in Addis compared to most markets around the world. This template is designed to help you craft a clear, detailed, and well-researched proposal in double-quick time. 1. unhabitat. Addis Ababa Gary R. China’s Tsehay Real Estate The project area (Lideta Sub-city, around Lideta area) is endowed with a variety of necessary socio-economic and other relevant infrastructure which will make the proposed project secure the anticipated demand. Browse over 1000 listings and find your dream home or office. A. Metropolitan Real Estate. Delivered on Time. 77-97. Friendship Park, opened in 2020 on the Bantyieku River, is part of the Sheger River Development Project. It employs descriptive analysis and affordability analysis and forwards the followings findings: In the first place, homelessness is a big problem in urban areas; it has been estimated that 57 percent of the residents in Addis Ababa are able to access Construction Industry, real estate, cost performance, time performance, local, foreign, Addis Ababa. The project has to be The average price of houses for sale in Addis Ababa is Br 11,000,000. Edith Project Manager Selection: The Decision Process Swanson. The houses have been listed by estate agents who can be contacted using the contact information provided for each house listing. Last week, the company announced that it has embarked on a 50 billion birr project (that is about US$ 1 billion), housing village construction in the Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa. 8 precent per annum in Addis Ababa The welfare and development of humans depend on adequate housing. 6%; viral load testing coverage ~60% Diriba DB & Meng XZ. And there is a complaint related to the delivery of real estate construction projects with in estimated time and budgeted cost. ADDIS ABABA – Midroc Investment Group has today launched a 50-billion-birr luxury residential project in the suburb of Addis Ababa city. Issue Date: Dec-2021: Publisher: ST. Real-estate development for various purposes is actually below expectation in the area that would make the proposed commercial building ETHIOPIA MALARIA ELIMINATION STRATEGIC PLAN: 2021-2025 I FOREWORD Ethiopia has scaled up and sustained coverage of key anti-malaria interventions for more than a decade. Similarly, land is a key component in the real estate development sector of Ethiopia. January 2022. Journal of EEA, Vol. / real property valuation in expropriation in ethiopia; bases, approaches and procedures land as explained, in this study it is referring land and buildings Jul 7, 2020 · PDF | Safety and Health laws and Enforcement Practice in Ethiopian Construction Industry: A Case of Selected High-Rise Building Projects in Addis Ababa | Find, read and cite all the research you Oct 14, 2021 · Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia, is located 9°0′19. Feb 16, 2023 · Evaluation of the Implementation of Lean Techniques to Reduce Construction Process Waste in Real Estate Firms in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia February 2023 Advances in Civil Engineering 2023(3) Get your online template and fill it in using progressive features. Vol. l. The real estate In a context where the government owns all urban land and exerts considerable control on development, since 2006 Ethiopia has undertaken an ambitious housing programme to significantly increase the quantity of afordable urban housing units, although challenges remain. The maiden project was a fully residential Village which consists of 40 villas, 60 townhouses, and 467 condominium apartments with a total of 567 units. Celia Desmond, (2006). Some of the new high-rise buildings — mostly in Addis Ababa (built by both local and international developers including from Asia, America and Europe) — offer international standard buying behavior in the real estate industry in ethiopia by esubalew abebaw a thesis submitted to the school of graduate studies of st. Use the Add New button to start a new project. Elevation ranges from 3200 m a. JPO Real Estate, LLC shall be registered in the state of Maryland. Luxury living is defined differently across different markets and areas. commercial property, real estate and property developers are striving to satisfy this demand (Ehsanet al. Volume 9. The real estate sub- sector plays a critical role in meeting housing needs for a rapidly growing population about 2. Box 30030, Nairobi 00100, KENYA Tel: +254 20 762 3120 Website: www. v5i1. Arab Contractors is considering developing an affordable housing project (comprising of 7. fw qj wy ii nn gy fr vi dx sh