Semiconductors lecture notes. , Paperback, tape repair to pp.
Gilbert ECE 340 –Lecture 3 8/26/11. Zener diode and its characteristics, Zener diode as voltage regulator. Of course this is just an idea, but e. The two semiconductors are not necessarily the same, e. At higher temperatures, however, some electrons can be thermally promoted into the conduction band. (The role of the s quantum number will be considered subsequently. g. Syllabus. Kasap . These include non-magnetic semiconductors, hybrid structures involving We have learned about Key Notes On Semiconductors, semiconductors, examples of semiconductors, and all other topics related to Semiconductors. 10: The p–n How to Sign In as a SPA. 8 Direct and Indirect bandgap semiconductors: Download: 9: 1. Atomic number Group IV semiconductors. 1 could be AlGaAs and 2 could be GaAs. Continuing last lecture’s explanation of extrinsic semiconductors, the Electronic Materials module ends at 13:00 with an exploration of p-type doping and an overview of the p-n junction. TEACHING ASSISTANTS: Rajat Chakraborty rajatc2@illinois. Semiconductors They have resistivity or conductivity intermediate to metals and insulators. There are two types of extrinsic semiconductors depending upon the type of impurity added. Course Calendar. Lecture 4 (HALL Effect ) Problems; Semiconductor Module 3 Notes; Module-4(semiconductor)-It discusses 'CONCEPT OF ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS' Concept of phonons & Brillouin Zone; Density of states &energy bands in solids; Semiconductor Physics: Classical free electron theory To download Lecture Notes, Practice Sheet & Practice Sheet Video Solution, Visit UMEED Batch in Batch Section of PhysicsWallah App/Website馃摬PW App Link - ht Course Piazza Link [Go to Piazza for Lecture Notes, Assignments, Handouts, Slides, Mathematica Files, etc. There are two basic transport mechanisms: drift and diffusion. Welcome to ECE 340 Summer 2024! Course Announcements This process of adding donor or acceptor atoms to semiconductor atoms (the order of 1 impurity atom per 10 million (or more) atoms of the semiconductor) is called Doping. Interband and Intraband Transitions in Bulk & QW: Lecture-11. The “60 mV Rule” L5 p-n Junction Electrostatics in Thermal Equilibrium Semiconductor Materials • Semiconductors are a special class of elements having a conductivity between that of a good conductor and that of an insulator. This is a comprehensive graduate level course on semiconductor optoelectronics. 1) To make a material electrically conductive, charged carriers like electrons must be freed from atoms. An impure semiconductor, which is formed by doping a pure semiconductor is called as an extrinsic semiconductor. edu. point. Metals They possess very low resistivity or high conductivity. 1 Semiconductors This review is not meant to teach you semiconductor physics–only to refresh your memory. txt) or read online for free. Sep 6, 2023 路 In-Depth Content: Our Semiconductor Class 12 Notes PDF provides a detailed explanation of semiconductor materials, the working principles of diodes and transistors, and various semiconductor devices. n p ND (3) semiconductor: semiconductor with 5th valence impurities and conductivity, based on the free electrons mostly. i. Past Lecture Videos . ). Effective mass of electrons, E-k diagram. , you must score at least 60% of quiz within two chances. Handouts: 1. The as the doped silicon is no longer pure, these donor and acceptor atoms are collectively referred to as “impurities”, and by doping these silicon material with a Types of Semiconductor (i) Intrinsic Semiconductor A semiconductor in its pure state is called intrinsic semiconductor. Lecture notes: Sec. Semiconductors are materials with conductivity intermediate between conductors, often metals, and nonconductors, and also the insulators, most of them being ceramics. Topics: Semiconductors in Nonequilibrium Conditions Excess electrons in the conduction band and excess holes in the valence band may exist in addition to the thermal-equilibrium concentrations if an external excitation is applied to the semiconductor. Unit 1 discusses semiconductor physics, including: 1) How energy bands form in solids based on the interaction of atomic electron wave functions, resulting in allowed bands separated by forbidden gaps. 6. Most semiconductors are formed from elements from groups II, III, VI, V, VI of the periodic table. edu) Jan 1, 1982 路 485 pp. In addition, we will review the following topics: Type of solids, Bravais lattices, Lattice with basis, Point defects, Dislocation, Bulk crystal growth, Epitaxy, Energy levels of atoms and molecules, Energy bands of solids, Energy bands in real space, Energy bands in reciprocal lattice, Energy band Jan 9, 2024 路 Semiconductor Electronic: Material, Devices And Simple Circuits Class 12 Notes Class 12 Notes Chapter 14 1. Rectifier diodes 2 this way the three quantum numbers, n, l, and m, serve to define specific atomic orbitals. ballistic flow; contrasts with p-n diodes. It progresses from basic diodes through bipolar and field effect transistors. Overview of semiconductor applications, silicon integrated circuit technology ()2 Intrinsic semiconductors, electrons and holes, bond model, generation recombination and thermal equilibrium; doping, donors, acceptors, compensation Basic Semiconductor Physics. Lecture notes. General information, reading assignments (4 pages) 2. 012 Spring 2007 Lecture 3 16 What did we learn today? • Electrons and holes in semiconductors are mobile and charged – ⇒Carriers of electrical current! • Drift current: produced by electric field • Diffusion current: produced by concentration gradient • Diffusion and drift currents are sizeable in modern devices Get PDF download of Class 12 Physics Chapter 14 - Semiconductor Electronics: Materials Class 12 Notes, Video lectures and more made by expert teachers of Vidyakul to score high marks in your exams. Consider a junction of a p-doped semiconductor (semiconductor 1) with an n-doped semiconductor (semiconductor 2). DONORS: • Introduce electrons to semiconductors (but not holes) • For Si, group V elements with 5 valence electrons (As, P, Sb) IIIA IVA VA VIA IIB BC NO Al Si PS Zn Ga Ge As Se LEC # TOPICS LECTURE NOTES 1 6. tech semester charvani assistant professor freshman engineering institute of aeronautical. week 1 Introduction to Semiconductor Devices week 2 Crystal properties, Atoms, Electons and Schrodinger Equation week 3 Carriers in Semiconductors week 4 Excess Carriers and Drift Carriers in Semiconductors week 5 p-n Junction under Equilibrium week 6 Currnet Flow at p Download Semiconductors - General Physics - Lecture Notes and more Physics Study notes in PDF only on Docsity! 1 Chapter 25: Semiconductors Please remember to photocopy 4 pages onto one sheet by going A3→A4 and using back to back on the photocopier. Create free carriers by: • absorbing photons • thermal excitation • doping with impurities 2 This chapter discusses carrier transport phenomena in semiconductors. non-doped Si for LSIs’ can be considered as an intrinsic semiconductor. Majority carriers in silicon: electrons. Concept of holes. Carrier drift velocity is directly proportional to the applied electric field. 167 Lecture-8. use our Materials to score good marks in the examination. The extra valence electron of the phosphorus always is free electron. ) Solar cell: Shockley Quiesser Limit ; Basics of ECE 410, Prof. 4 Fermi level in extrinsic semiconductors Our Notes. ρ ~ 10-5. The text is intended for use in a first or second year course on semiconductors at the Associate or Baccalaureate level. Review of basic semiconductor physics: Elemental and compound semiconductors, semiconductor VI, III-V and II-VI binary, ternary, and quaternary compounds, semiconductor alloys, material properties, crystal structure, semiconductor bandstructures, density of states, Fermi levels and carrier statistics, doping, Shockley equations, band diagrams in Lecture 1 - Introduction to Semiconductors - Outline. diamond. 012 Lecture 2 Electronic Devices and Circuits - S2007 9 4. 2MB) Lecture Summary. It features a 1-hour lecture video, and also presents the prerequisites, learning objectives, reading assignment, lecture slides, homework with solutions, and resources for further study. Lecture Schedule: M T W R F 1:00-1:50 PM Lecture Location: Zoom. Excitons in QWs and TMDs: Lecture-13. The Fermi Surface Database. 7 J-601-4 l-a The lecture notes can be downloaded with registration, that helps students watch the videos. Archived Lecture Notes #3 (PDF) In a pure semiconductor, the number of holes is equal to the number of free electrons. 10-8 Ωm, σ ~102. 10-6 Sm-1 Types of […] Jan 1, 2014 路 Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 247, DOI: 10. Topics include: properties, preparation, and processing of compound semiconductors; theory and practice of heterojunctions, quantum structures, and pseudomorphic strained layers; metal-semiconductor Semiconductor Optoelectronics (Farhan Rana, Cornell University) Chapter 1 Review of Basic Semiconductor Physics 1. 3 Sedra & Smith 3 carriers in the semiconductor, and a positive ionic charge at a xed location in the semiconductor. docx - Free download as PDF File (. 1. Heterojunction transistors; III-nitrides; Opto-electronic devices: Solar cells and photodetectors. PDF 1 E. Narrow Gap Semiconductors Physics and Applications Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Physics (LNP, volume 133) 6046 Accesses. 152J Lecture: Solar (Photovoltaic)Cells • Driving forces for Solar (PV) Cell R&D • Solar Energy and Solar Spectrum • Principle of Solar Cells • Materials, structures and fabrication of solar cells • New explorations in solar cell research Jifeng Liu (jfliu01@mit. Similarly, an acceptor atom captures an electron, thus producing a mobile hole and becoming negatively charged itself. Doping (extrinsic & intrinsic semiconductor), density of states. This gentle introduction to semiconductor physics, chemistry, and materials science provides the background needed to understand the operation of devices such as transistors and solar cells. MHTCET 2022 - Class 11 - Sound (MCQs) Download. Drift is the movement of charged carriers due to an electric field, while diffusion is the flow of charges due to a density gradient. Reading. 7: Behavior of the Chemical Potential; 22. Therefore, at T = 0, pure semiconductors are actually insulators. basis. 108 Sm-1 2. There are quiz problems to check your understanding of the lectures. Lotnik ow 32/46, PL-02668 Warszawa, Poland and Institute of Theoretical Physics, Warsaw University, Poland dietl@ifpan. Semiconductor Crystal Lattices • To discuss the crystal structure of different semiconductors we will need to account for the . 3: Charge Carriers in Semiconductors; 22. The 3-credit hour course is offered in the second semester of year 2 and covers topics such as PN junctions, metal-semiconductor junctions, MOS devices, bipolar junction devices, and the fundamentals of semiconductors including crystal structure, energy bands, and This book provides a concise and thorough introduction to the fundamentals of solid-state physics, while briefly discussing the historical context surrounding key scholars in the field, and features updated coverage of topological materials, an explosively growing field in solid-state physics Mar 16, 2009 路 Lecture 18 - Semiconductors - continued 1 Physics 460 F 2006 Lect 18 1 Lecture 18: Semiconductors - continued (Kittel Ch. The next screen will show a drop-down list of all the SPAs you have permission to acc In this module we will introduce the course and the Semiconductor Devices specialization. . *Buyer is responsible for any additional duties, taxes, or fees required by recipient's country* - If you are reading this, this item is actually (physically) in our stock and ready for shipment once ordered. ) Atomic Orbitals The conductivity of a semiconductor depends on the concentration of these charge carriers (n e & n h) Similar to drift velocity of electrons under an applied field in metals in semiconductors the concept of mobility is used to calculate conductivity Conduction in an intrinsic semiconductor > m V s @ V m m s d t t y y / / / / 2 »¼ º «¬ ª Semiconductors lecture notes lecture notes on semiconductor physics b. We ensure that no stone is left unturned in your understanding of this critical topic. Mobility describes how well a particle moves in an • What is a semiconductor? Defined by density of carriers High enough for interesting conductivity Low enough to be controlled by temperature and other factors • Bands in real semiconductors - Si, Ge, GaAs, Starting point - Nearly free electrons! Analysis for FCC (applies to all the common semiconductors) Energy bands and gaps It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. Welcome to the first edition of Semiconductor Devices, an open educational resource (OER). 3. An unperturbed semiconductor must be charge neutral as a whole. Metal-Semiconductor Interfaces (Schottky Barriers): The compound semiconductor surface; Fermi level pinning. They are N-type extrinsic semiconductor and P-Type extrinsic semiconductor. Many types of diode are used for a wide range of applications. Lecture notes: Lecture 2. Online Reading on Semiconductors: Materials, Industry . Compound Semiconductors. These devices play a very important role in determining the losses within the converter and the quality of output voltage supplied to the motor. • Materials whose conductivity falls between those of conductors and insulators are called semiconductors. The creation of excess electrons and holes means that the semiconductor is no longer in thermal Lecture Notes - Semiconductor Detectors USPAS -- Sponsored by Michigan State University -- June 25 - 29, 2012 (files in PDF format) I. 2. 2 EXTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTOR Intrinsic semiconductor has very limited applications as they conduct very small amounts of current at room temperature. Semiconductor Linear Optics: General Absorption, Emission Expressions: Lecture-10. J. 1 Conduction in Semiconductors -Review • Intrinsic (undoped) Semiconductors – intrinsic carrier concentration ≡n i = 1. Lecture Notes Unit:1 Semiconductor Devices and Applications: Topics Covered: Semiconductor Devices and Applications: Introduction to P-N junction Diode and V-I characteristics, Half wave and Full-wave rectifiers, capacitor filter. Electrons and holes in semiconductors. 9 Energy levels in infinite and finite potential wells (short demo) Download: 10: 2. The most Course Description. The band diagrams of 1 and 2 by themselves are shown below. Excitons in Quantum Dots: Lecture-14 Jan 1, 2005 路 'Band structure of narrow gap semiconductors' published in 'Narrow Gap Semiconductors Physics and Lecture Notes in Physics, vol 133. 6: Compound Semiconductors; 22. The lecture notes can be downloaded with registration, that helps students watch the videos. 5: Direct and Indirect Band Gap Semiconductors; 22. 4: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors; 22. Lecture 10: Semiconductors Lecture Notes Prepared by: p type Semiconductors . Introduction to compound semiconductors; Basics of heterojunctions; Band diagram of heterojunctions; Heterojunctions (contd). 1 Effective mass in Semiconductors: Download: 11: 2. 1 Creating free carriers At absolute zero, a pure semiconductor has a full valence band and an empty conduction band – there are no free carriers. •The three semiconductors used most frequently in the construction of electronic devices are Ge, Si, and GaAs. Please contact an instructor to arrange a meeting at non-scheduled times. Lecture notes, quiz and certificate are offered to registered students only. A semiconductor without any dopants is called intrinsic. However, Semiconductor IInever came into being so the Hyperscript remained incomplete, covering mostly just Semiconductor I topics. For those just getting started with semiconductors, my hope is that these two lectures provide just enough understanding to allow you to begin exploring semiconductor devices. 0. (ii) Extrinsic Semiconductor A semiconductor doped with suitable impurity to increase its impurity, is called extrinsic semiconductor. This course outlines the physics, modeling, application, and technology of compound semiconductors (primarily III-Vs) in electronic, optoelectronic, and photonic devices and integrated circuits. The Semiconductor Properties Database. Describe what happens during photoexcitation and thermal excitation. [ here i stands for intrinsic) Extrinsic semiconductor is of two types P and n types. A. In order to make effective 6. Lecture Notes on Semiconductor Spintronics Tomasz Dietl Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences and ERATO Semiconductor Spintronics Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, al. N-Type Extrinsic Semiconductor Lecture notes, quiz and certificate are offered to registered students only. 772/SMA5111 - Compound Semiconductors Lecture 1 - The Compound Semiconductor Palette - Outline • Announcements Handouts - General Information; Syllabus; Lecture 1 Notes • Why are semiconductors useful to us? (Why isn't Si enough?) Review of the properties of silicon Quantifying the importance of silicon to the electronics industry Sep 28, 2022 路 BE3251 BEEE Notes : We are providing the BE3251 Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering Lecture Notes, Hand Written Notes Collections PDF below for your examination success. 45x1010 cm-3, at room temp. 1 Carrier statistics in intrinsic semiconductors We call a pure semiconductor without any impurity as an intrinsic semiconductor. 9: Metal–Semiconductor Junction – Ohmic Contact; 22. MHTCET 2022 - Class 11 - Semiconductors (Theory + MCQs) Lecture Notes Annotated Lecture Notes Fundamentals: L1 Overview of 6. pdf), Text File (. – n = p = n i, in intrinsic (undoped) material •n ≡number of electrons, p ≡number of holes – mass-action law, np = n i Semiconductors are everywhere - inside smartphones and tablet computers, powering the Internet and communications satellites, generating electricity from the sun, and much more. This page contains materials for the session on semiconductors. COATES 2016 Semiconductor Diodes Module 2. • Materials that block flow of electrons are called insulators (e. 105-106 only, else good. ALLEN Career Institute Power Semiconductor Drives (PSD): Lecture Notes: (Prof. Metals easily free electrons, semiconductors require a small amount of energy, and insulators require a large amount of energy. 1007/978-94-007-6818-5_4, Typically, semiconductors exhibit rougher surfaces than noble metals, resulting in lower scattering losses Classify materials as metals, insulators, or semiconductors, and sketch a schematic band diagram for each one, with key features labeled. Week 1 : Importance of semiconductor devices and their diverse applications. We assume that 1 has a wider band gap than 2. e. Subhas) Unit 2: Control of DC Motors by Single & Three Phase Converters Page 1 Malla Reddy College of Engineering and Technology (MRCET) Department of EEE ( 2019-20 ) UNIT – I SYLLABUS/CONTENTS: Semiconductor Devices Lecture notes - Free download as PDF File (. Introduction to semiconductors, concept of energy bands and how bands form. 9 Physics of Semiconductors 9. K. 2 Intrinsic carrier density: Download: 12: 2. The next screen will show a drop-down list of all the SPAs you have permission to acc Lecture 20, p 27 Semiconductors The electrons in a filled band cannot contribute to conduction, because with reasonable E fields they cannot be promoted to a higher kinetic energy. Those important steps are: Open the Selfstudys website. For those acquainted with semiconductors, they may be useful as a brief refresher. Click the navigation bar, a drop down menu will appear. 106 Ωm, σ ~ 10+5 . O. 012 Lecture 2: Introduction to Semiconductors: Electrons and Holes, Donors and Acceptors Lecture 3: Carrier Transport: Drift and Diffusion Lecture 4: Electrostatics in Semiconductors; the "60 mV rule" Lecture 5: p-n Junction Electrostatics in Thermal Equilibrium 2022 lecture notes on semiconductor physics b. , "+mycalnetid"), then enter your passphrase. Solar cell basics; Solar cell (contd. The periodic table. Introductions/Announcements. LEC # TOPICS SLIDES ADDITIONAL NOTES 1 Introduction to semiconductors, doping, generation/recombination, TE carrier concentrations. Semiconductors are of two types (a) intrinsic or pure (b) extrinsic or doped. Students are expected to attend all classes, submit all assignments by deadlines, and will be penalized for any forms of cheating. MHTCET 2022 - Class 11 - Sound (Full Theory) Download. The document provides information about a course on semiconductor devices taught at Presbyterian University College Ghana. 0 Diodes Introduction Diodes are one of the simplest, but most useful of all semiconductor devices. Two-dimensional Materials: Transition Metal Dichalcogenides: Lecture-9. Lecture 1: Overview of 6. 17, p. Lecture Slides (PDF - 3. Select NCERT Books & Solutions from the given list. On the basis of doped impurity extrinsic semiconductors are of two types This document provides lecture notes on semiconductor physics for a freshman engineering course. Concept of Fermi level, Fermi-Dirac distribution. To receive course certificate. Salem/Prof. 8) E Jq,ee h JU,h JU,e Jq,e + a - Donors and acceptors Transport of charge and energy Physics 460 F 2006 Lect 18 2 Outline • More on concentrations of electrons and holes in Semiconductors Control of conductivity by doping (impurities) • Mobility and conductivity Unit 1 Semiconductor Lecture Notes. After outlining motivations behind spintronic research, selected results of investigations on three groups of materials are presented. Intrinsic semiconductors. 6MB) II. structure. Lectures . 4 Power semiconductor devices The control of the output voltage of the inverter is achieved by switching on and off the semiconductor devices. In practice, 6. Intrinsic and extrinsic Semiconductor —I • Materials that permit flow of electrons are called conductors (e. Semiconductors in the Periodic Table. Free essays, homework help, flashcards, research papers, book reports, term papers, history, science, politics Sep 18, 2011 路 The course covers topics like introduction to semiconductors, current in semiconductors, N-type and P-type semiconductors, formation of the depletion region, and biasing of PN junctions. Metal-semiconductor junction electrostatics in and out of equilibrium; capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics L18 Metal semiconductor junction I-V characteristics L19 Schottky diode; equivalent-circuit model; ohmic contacts L20 Ideal semiconductor surface L21 Metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) in equilibrium L22 How to Download the Semiconductor Electronics Class 12 Notes? To refer to the Semiconductor Electronics Class 12 notes, students can look through the given steps. lattice. – Elemental semiconductors such as silicon and germanium both exhibit the . Electronic materials like metals, semiconductors, and insulators are discussed. Extrinsic semiconductors n-doped and p-doped semiconductors. M. pl Dec 30, 2007 路 These informal lecture notes describe the progress in semiconductor spintronics in a historic perspective as well as in a comparison to achievements of spintronics of ferromagnetic metals. pl Resources. It covers several key topics: 1. 3 Doping and extrinsic semiconductors: Download: 13: 2. edu Office Hours: Thu 2 - 3 PM Location: Zoom. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg Extrinsic semiconductor: When a limited and controlled amount of certain impurity atoms, known as dopants, is introduced into an intrinsic semiconductor to drastically alter its electrical properties, the resultant material is known as an extrinsic or doped semiconductor. In this lecture you will learn: What are semiconductors? Basic crystal structure of semiconductors. edu Studying Physics: Semiconductor Physics 18PYB103J at SRM Institute of Science and Technology? On Studocu you will find 135 lecture notes, 129 mandatory assignments, The two lectures that follow quickly summarize some important semiconductor fundamen-tals. Theories of barrier formation and of current flow; diffusive vs. 8: Metal–Semiconductor Junction – Rectifying Contact; 22. The goal of this text, as its name implies, is to allow the reader to become proficient in the analysis and design of circuits utilizing discrete semiconductor devices. In intrinsic semiconductor no impurity is added, so the density of electron in conduction band is equal to density of holes in valence band. tech semester charvani assistant professor freshman engineering institute of aeronautical engineering (autonomous Dec 21, 2022 路 Inspired by the Semiconductor Electronics Education Committee (), which produced a series of short, low-cost paperback books in the 1960s that sparked the microelectronic revolution, Purdue University’s College of Engineering, in partnership with World Scientific and the American Semiconductor Academy (ASA) Initiative, has announced the New Era Electronics: A Lecture Notes Series, a 21st How to Sign In as a SPA. F. unit that is added to each . 503 - 512 + added materials in the lecture notes Physics 460 F 2006 Lect 19 38 Next time • Semiconductor structures Confinement of carriers SEMICONDUCTORS 2. Introduction (6. And under some conditions other semiconductors can also be treated as intrinsic semiconductors. , gold, silver, copper, etc. Carrier dynamics and transport: drift. 012 L2 Introduction to Semiconductors: Electrons and Holes, Donors and Acceptors L3 Carrier Transport: Drift and Diffusion MOSFET: L4 Electrostatics in Semiconductors. Regulated power Understanding of this important concept leads to the ability to: •Understand and design custom semiconductor materials with optical and electrical properties tailored to specific needs •Understand and design electrical and optical devices including advanced diodes, LEDs, LASER diodes, transistors (BJT and FET) , and advanced device concepts such Metal-semiconductor junctions Schottky barriers - rectification • Bipolar transistor n-p-n p- n-p • Kittel Ch. , Paperback, tape repair to pp. Doping Doping = engineered introduction of foreign atoms to modify semiconductor electrical properties A. Mason with updates Lecture Notes 6. 22. , rubber, glass, Teflon, mica, etc. Excitons in Bulk: Lecture-12. The current conduction capability of intrinsic semiconductor can be gatech. ] Course info sheet. Handout 1 Slides 1. From Principles of Electronic Materials and Devices, Third Edition, S. ρ ~ 10-2. 012 outline: grading, ethics. Topics covered include fundamentals of optical interband transitions in semiconductors, spontaneous and stimulated emission of photons in semiconductors, non-radiative transitions, semiconductor materials for optoelectronics, optical absorption and gain, photodetectors, solar cells, fundamentals This hyperscript was started as a collection of lecture notes for two lecture courses - Semiconductor I and II. To sign in to a Special Purpose Account (SPA) via a list, add a "+" to your CalNet ID (e. Quantum mechanics concepts like the photoelectric effect, Compton effect, and Schrodinger equation are introduced to explain semiconductor behavior. lq yf ms rh kr ej jm jr ms gv